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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Design and Evaluation of Au-Electroplated Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrodes for Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells
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Active Oxygen Functional Group Modification and the Combined Interface Engineering Strategy for Efficient Hydrogen

Chang Li1, Chaoquan Hu1,2, Yang Song1

  • 1Nanjing IPE Institute of Green Manufacturing Industry, Nanjing, Jiangsu211135, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|October 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A novel carbonized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) cathode enhances hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. This material improves catalytic activity and mass transfer for efficient H2O2 electrosynthesis and pollutant degradation.

Keywords:
active oxygen-containing groupscontaminant removalgraphene-based cathodehydrogen peroxideoxygen mass transferoxygen reduction reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Efficient hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation relies on cathodic catalytic activity and interfacial mass transfer.
  • The two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for H2O2 electrosynthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct a novel carbonized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) synthetic fabric cathode.
  • To enhance two-electron ORR activity and improve interfacial mass transfer for H2O2 production.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a synthetic cathode using carbonized CMC and rGO.
  • Characterization of the cathode's catalytic activity and selectivity for H2O2 production.
  • Evaluation of mass transfer properties and performance in H2O2 electrosynthesis.

Main Results:

  • Carbonized CMC demonstrated high two-electron ORR activity with ~87% H2O2 selectivity.
  • The CMC-rGO cathode structure prevented rGO restacking, creating meso/macroporous channels.
  • Achieved exceptional H2O2 electrosynthesis performance: 11.94 mg·h−1·cm−2 yield and 82.32% current efficiency.
  • Demonstrated practical application in degrading organic pollutants via electro-Fenton.

Conclusions:

  • The developed carbonized CMC-rGO cathode significantly improves H2O2 electrosynthesis efficiency.
  • The material's structure facilitates oxygen and H2O2 mass transfer, enabling high performance.
  • The cathode shows promise for practical applications, including wastewater treatment.