Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

162
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
162
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

119
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
119
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

315
CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
315
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

90
The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
90
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

190
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
190
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

122
A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
122

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Case report: Pediatric vascular Behçet's disease with prominent arterial involvement: a case series of five patients.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of Thalidomidein Patients with Transfusion-Dependent B-Thalassemia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and GRADE Evaluation.

Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Metagenomics Next-generation Sequencing in Neurobrucellosis in Children: Erratum.

The Pediatric infectious disease journal·2026
Same author

The integration of plasma non-target metabolomics and lipidomics analysis for the discovery of global developmental delay/intellectual disability biomarkers.

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience·2026
Same author

Correction to "Structure-Activity Relationship of <i>N</i>-Cyclopropylmethyl-7α-[<i>para</i>-(arylcarboxamido)phenyl]-6,14-<i>endo</i>ethano-tetrahydronorthebaines as Potent and Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonists".

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2025
Same author

Mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions might be involved in the pathogenesis of the CACNA1A-related neurodevelopmental disorders according to in vitro studies.

Biological research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

15.8K

Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder updates.

Miriam Kessi1,2, Haolin Duan1,2, Juan Xiong1,2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
|October 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) pathogenesis involves the dopaminergic pathway and genetic factors. Further research on animal models and epigenetics is needed for better diagnosis and management of ADHD.

Keywords:
attention-deficit/hyperactive disordercopy number variationsenvironmental factorsgenesmicroRNAs (miRNAs)pathogenic pathways

More Related Videos

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

10.4K
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

15.8K
Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

10.4K
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Genetics and epigenetics
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder impacting children's academic, social, and overall well-being.
  • Despite existing knowledge, the precise pathogenesis of ADHD remains unclear, posing challenges for early diagnosis and effective management.
  • The disorder incurs significant individual and societal costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenic pathways of ADHD in children.
  • To update current understanding of ADHD etiologies, including genetic and environmental factors, and their interactions.
  • To examine findings from human studies and animal models, as well as epigenetic modifications.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed using relevant keywords.
  • The search encompassed all available years up to January 2022.
  • The review focused on genetic associations, animal models, environmental influences, and epigenetic changes related to ADHD.

Main Results:

  • Numerous genes (e.g., DRD1, DRD4, DAT1, MAOA, BDNF) have been associated with ADHD, with varying evidence from human and animal studies.
  • Most animal models are knockouts and do not fully replicate human genetic alterations; ethnic variations in gene polymorphisms exist.
  • The dopaminergic pathway is central to ADHD pathogenesis, influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic modifications like methylation and acetylation.

Conclusions:

  • The dopaminergic pathway is critical in ADHD pathogenesis, but its interaction with environmental factors and other neurotransmitter pathways requires further investigation.
  • Existing animal models have limitations in replicating human ADHD genetics, necessitating the development of more relevant models.
  • Additional research into epigenetic modifications and the interplay between genetics and environment is crucial for advancing ADHD understanding and treatment.