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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Structure of a Gene

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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells
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A universal approach to gene expression engineering.

Rahmi Lale1, Lisa Tietze1, Maxime Fages-Lartaud1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.

Synthetic Biology (Oxford, England)
|October 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces Gene Expression Engineering (GeneEE), a universal method for creating artificial gene expression systems. GeneEE generates artificial regulatory sequences that control gene expression across diverse bacterial and yeast species.

Keywords:
5′ untranslated regionartificial promoterstranscriptiontranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Developing artificial gene expression systems is crucial for biological research and biotechnology.
  • Existing methods often lack universality and efficiency across different organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a universal approach, Gene Expression Engineering (GeneEE), for creating novel artificial gene expression systems.
  • To demonstrate the capability of GeneEE to generate tunable and inducible expression systems.

Main Methods:

  • Gene Expression Engineering (GeneEE) was employed to design artificial 5' regulatory sequences (ARES).
  • ARES were engineered to recruit essential cellular machinery, including RNA polymerase, sigma factors, and ribosomal proteins.
  • Random DNA sequences of 200 nucleotides were utilized to construct functional expression systems.

Main Results:

  • GeneEE successfully generated artificial regulatory sequences (ARES) capable of achieving a wide range of gene expression levels.
  • Inducible promoters were created by integrating native transcription regulators into the ARES.
  • Functional expression systems were validated in six bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Thermus thermophilus, Streptomyces albus, Streptomyces lividans) and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Conclusions:

  • GeneEE offers a universal and efficient platform for constructing artificial gene expression systems.
  • The approach enables the creation of both constitutive and inducible promoters adaptable to various microbial hosts.
  • This technology has broad implications for metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and fundamental biological research.