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Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Properties of Organometallic Compounds01:23

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

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Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Main group metal polymerisation catalysts.

Eszter Fazekas1, Phoebe A Lowy1, Maisarah Abdul Rahman1

  • 1EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK. j.garden@ed.ac.uk.

Chemical Society Reviews
|October 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Earth-abundant main group metals offer sustainable catalysis for polymer synthesis. This review explores efficient catalysts from Groups 1, 2, Zn, and 13 for diverse polymerizations, including polyesters and polycarbonates.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organometallic Catalysis
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Growing demand for sustainable chemical processes drives research into earth-abundant metal catalysts.
  • Main group metals (Groups 1, 2, Zn, 13) are inexpensive, low-toxicity alternatives to traditional transition metals.
  • These metals are effective in various polymerization reactions, including ring-opening polymerization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review efficient polymerization catalysts based on main group metals.
  • To highlight mechanistic pathways and catalyst development strategies.
  • To discuss the fine-tuning of metal catalysts for controlled polymer synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of catalysts based on Group 1, Group 2, Zinc (Zn), and Group 13 metals.
  • Discussion of mechanistic pathways in polymerization reactions.
  • Analysis of catalyst development including ligand design and system optimization.

Main Results:

  • Main group metals enable a broad range of polymerizations, from alkene polymerization to polyesters and polycarbonates.
  • Catalyst efficiency is enhanced through tailored ligand design, heterometallic cooperativity, and bicomponent systems.
  • Polymerization conditions can be optimized to tune metal Lewis acidity and metal-alkyl bond polarity.

Conclusions:

  • Main group metal catalysts represent a sustainable and efficient approach to polymer synthesis.
  • Strategic catalyst design and reaction condition optimization are key to controlling polymerization outcomes.
  • These findings pave the way for developing novel, environmentally friendly polymers.