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Updated: Aug 26, 2025
Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Incidence and Management of Facial Paralysis After Skull Base Trauma, an Administrative Database Study
Nneoma S Wamkpah1, Dorina Kallogjeri1, Alison K Snyder-Warwick2
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis.
Objective:
Report the incidence of and treatment patterns for facial nerve palsy after skull base fracture.
Study Design:
Retrospective cohort study.
Setting:
IBM MarketScan Commercial Database (2006-2019).
Patients:
Human subjects with skull base fracture, per International Classification of Diseases-9th and 10th Revisions-Clinical Modification diagnosis codes.
Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcomes were the incidence and median time to facial nerve palsy diagnosis within 30 days of skull base fracture. Secondary outcomes were treatments (corticosteroids, antivirals, facial nerve decompression, botulinum toxin, and facial reanimation), demographics, and rates of hearing loss, vertigo, tympanic membrane rupture, cerebrospinal fluid leak, comorbidities, and loss of consciousness.
Results:
The 30-day incidence of facial nerve palsy after skull base trauma was 1.0% (738 of 72,273 patients). The median (95% confidence interval [CI]) time to diagnosis was 6 (6-7) days, and only 22.9% were diagnosed within 1 day. There were significantly higher rates (risk difference, 95% CI) of hearing loss (26%, 22-29%), tympanic membrane rupture (6.3%, 4.5-8.1%), cerebrospinal fluid leak (6.4%, 4.5-8.3%), comorbidity (14%, 10.4-17.6%), and loss of consciousness (24.3%, 20.7-27.9%). Loss of consciousness was associated with longer median (95% CI) time to facial nerve palsy diagnosis: 10 (9-10) days. Corticosteroids were the most common treatment but only reported for less than one-third of patients. Only eight patients underwent facial nerve decompression.
Conclusions:
Facial nerve palsy after skull base fracture is associated with higher comorbidity, and the diagnosis is often delayed. Few patients were treated with surgery, and there are inconsistencies in the types and timing of treatments.
