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Related Concept Videos

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Oxygenic Photosynthesis

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Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process is essential for sustaining aerobic life on Earth and is primarily carried out by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The core of oxygenic photosynthesis lies in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll pigments facilitate...
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Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...
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Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a phototrophic process that captures light energy to drive carbon fixation without producing molecular oxygen. Unlike oxygenic photosynthesis, which utilizes water as an electron donor and releases oxygen, anoxygenic phototrophs use alternative electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), elemental sulfur (S⁰), or thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻). This process is carried out by diverse groups of bacteria, including purple bacteria, green...
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Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms that perform photosynthesis without producing oxygen. They primarily include purple sulfur bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and green nonsulfur bacteria. These bacteria are classified into the Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Chlorobi, and Chloroflexi lineages, each with distinct physiological and ecological adaptations.Purple sulfur bacteria belong to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
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A genetically encoded system for oxygen generation in living cells.

Andrew L Markhard1,2,3, Jason G McCoy1,2,3, Tsz-Leung To1,2,3

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new genetic system, SupplemeNtal Oxygen Released from ChLorite (SNORCL), to generate oxygen on demand within living cells. This breakthrough offers precise control over oxygen levels for various biological applications.

Keywords:
CldSLC5A5SNORCLchloriteoxygen

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Oxygen is essential for eukaryotic life, impacting energy production, cell signaling, and development.
  • Dysregulation of oxygen levels is implicated in numerous human diseases.
  • Current methods lack the spatiotemporal precision needed to control oxygen in biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel genetic system for on-demand, localized oxygen generation in living cells.
  • To enable precise spatiotemporal control over intracellular oxygen levels.

Main Methods:

  • Harnessing prokaryotic chlorite O2-lyase (Cld) enzymes to convert chlorite into oxygen and chloride.
  • Targeting Cld enzymes to specific cellular compartments (cytosol or mitochondria) in human cells.
  • Coexpressing a chlorite transporter to facilitate intracellular oxygen production upon external chlorite addition.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful targeting of Cld enzymes to human cell cytosol and mitochondria.
  • Confirmed intracellular oxygen production in response to externally supplied chlorite.
  • Established a functional genetic system (SNORCL) for controlled oxygen generation.

Conclusions:

  • The SNORCL system provides a powerful tool for precise temporal and spatial control of oxygen production in cells.
  • This technology has immediate applications in biological research.
  • Future developments hold promise for biotechnology and medicine.