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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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Structure of Porins01:21

Structure of Porins

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Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
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Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis
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A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

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The primitive complement system in molluscs.

Jiejie Sun1, Lingling Wang2, Linsheng Song3

  • 1Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology
|October 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mollusc complement system, crucial for immunity, includes key components like C3 and lectin pathways. Its activation regulates immune effectors and bacterial inhibition, offering insights into invertebrate immune evolution.

Keywords:
C3Complement systemInnate immunityLectin pathwayMollusc

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Area of Science:

  • Invertebrate Immunology
  • Evolutionary Immunology
  • Aquaculture Immunology

Background:

  • The complement system is vital for vertebrate innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Its presence in invertebrates, including molluscs, is of significant evolutionary interest.
  • Molluscs are important in aquaculture, driving research into their immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Molluscs possess a functional complement system, primarily involving the lectin pathway.
  • MACPF domain proteins may compensate for a missing terminal pathway.
  • Understanding mollusc complement is crucial for aquaculture and evolutionary studies.