Catalytic ozonation mechanisms of Norfloxacin using Cu-CuFe₂O₄

As an easily recoverable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective catalyst, CuFe₂O₄ is a promising candidate for the catalytic ozonation of antibiotics in wastewater. However, its catalytic activity is restricted due to its limited active sites and low electron transfer efficiency. In this study, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and Cu⁰ were doped with CuFe₂O₄ to introduce more O_V, providing more active sites and improving electron transfer efficiency. Experimental results show that the optimum removal efficiency of the catalytic ozonation of Norfloxacin (NOR, a widely used antibiotic) using CTAB doped with Cu-CuFe₂O₄ as the catalyst is 81.58% with a first-order reaction kinetics constant of 0.03967 min^-1. The associated O₃ and catalyst dosages are 2.72 mg·L^-1 and 0.1 g·L^-1, respectively, which are 1.63 times and 2.22 times higher than those in an equivalent O₃ system. O_V can provide generation sites for surface hydroxyl groups and trigger ·O₂^- and ¹O₂ as the main active oxygen species. The synergistic redox cycles of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ and Cu⁰/Cu²⁺ accelerate electron transfer efficiency. The possible degradation pathways of NOR are identified as defluorination, naphthyridine ring-opening and piperazine ring-opening. In summary, this work proposes a new strategy for the modification of CuFe₂O₄ catalysts and provides new insights into the catalytic ozonation mechanisms for NOR removal.