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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Monkeypox as an emerging infectious disease: the ophthalmic implications.

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The 2022 monkeypox outbreak requires ophthalmologists to understand ocular manifestations and risks. Early recognition and management are crucial for preventing vision-threatening complications from this zoonotic disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • The 2022 monkeypox outbreak is a global health emergency with significant case numbers worldwide.
  • Monkeypox virus (a double-stranded DNA virus in the *Orthopoxvirus* genus) causes a zoonotic disease with potential for human-to-human transmission.
  • Ophthalmologists must be aware of monkeypox due to potential ocular complications, similar to other orthopoxviruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform ophthalmologists about the 2022 monkeypox outbreak and its ocular implications.
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing and managing ophthalmic manifestations of monkeypox.
  • To emphasize the need for multidisciplinary collaboration in treating ocular monkeypox.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak epidemiology and clinical presentation.
  • Description of potential ophthalmic manifestations, including preseptal cellulitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis.
  • Discussion of current treatment strategies, including antivirals (tecovirimat) and smallpox vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Monkeypox can present with symptoms mimicking common ophthalmic diseases, necessitating a thorough patient history.
  • Ophthalmic involvement in monkeypox can lead to serious, vision-threatening complications.
  • Tecovirimat is the primary oral antiviral treatment, with trifluridine eye-drops for ocular issues.

Conclusions:

  • Ocular monkeypox requires prompt diagnosis and management by infectious disease specialists and ophthalmologists.
  • Healthcare providers need to be vigilant for both cutaneous and ocular monkeypox presentations.
  • Effective infection control measures are essential during this ongoing outbreak.