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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Complex Growth of Benzamide Form I: Effect of Additives, Solution Flow, and Surface Rugosity.

Caroline A Offiler1, Cláudio P Fonte1, Weronika Kras1

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Additives minimally impacted benzamide form I (BZM-I) crystal growth rates, likely due to defects and solid solution formation. Fluid dynamics significantly influenced specific facet growth, affecting crystal morphology and satellite crystal formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Crystal growth kinetics are crucial for developing crystalline molecular materials.
  • Understanding additive effects on crystal growth is essential for controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of additives on the facet-specific growth rates of benzamide form I (BZM-I) crystals.
  • To explore the influence of solution dynamics on BZM-I crystal growth.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel crystal growth setup for measuring facet-specific growth rates under flow.
  • Employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze solute concentration gradients.
  • Analyzed crystal morphology and growth patterns in the presence of various additives.

Main Results:

  • Additives showed minimal impact on BZM-I growth rates at low concentrations, suggesting high tolerance or solid solution formation.
  • Solution dynamics significantly affected facet growth rates, with {10l̅} facets being sensitive to flow while {011} facets were not.
  • CFD simulations indicated higher solute gradients at the leading edge of {10l̅} facets, explaining satellite crystal formation.

Conclusions:

  • BZM-I exhibits high tolerance to additives, possibly due to inherent crystal defects or solid solution formation.
  • Fluid dynamics play a critical role in BZM-I crystal growth, influencing specific facet kinetics and morphology.
  • The study highlights the complexity of crystal growth measurements, emphasizing the interplay between additives, fluid dynamics, and intrinsic crystal properties.