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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Gene Families01:57

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
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Tree2GD: a phylogenomic method to detect large-scale gene duplication events.

Duoyuan Chen1, Taikui Zhang1,2, Yamao Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)
|October 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Tree2GD is a new phylogenomic tool that identifies large-scale gene duplication events. It accurately detects whole-genome duplications across diverse species, aiding evolutionary studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Whole-genome duplication (WGD) events are fundamental drivers of eukaryotic evolution, increasing genome complexity and biodiversity.
  • Identifying retained duplicated genes across lineages is crucial for understanding evolutionary trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated and efficient phylogenomic method for identifying large-scale gene duplication events.
  • To provide a robust tool for analyzing gene duplication histories in various taxonomic groups.

Main Methods:

  • Tree2GD integrates multiple bioinformatics procedures: sequence alignment, homolog recognition, gene/species tree reconciliation, Ks distribution analysis, and synteny analysis.
  • The method automates the complex process of detecting gene duplication events.

Main Results:

  • Tree2GD successfully identified all known whole-genome duplication events in two test datasets: 12 metazoan genomes and 68 angiosperm genomes.
  • The tool demonstrated high effectiveness and efficiency in phylogenomic analyses of large-scale gene duplications.

Conclusions:

  • Tree2GD is a powerful and accurate tool for identifying gene duplication events, particularly whole-genome duplications.
  • This method facilitates large-scale phylogenomic analyses and enhances our understanding of genome evolution.