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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs
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Thyroid hormone regulators in human cerebral cortex development.

Juan Bernal1, Beatriz Morte2, Diego Diez3

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

The Journal of Endocrinology
|October 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone transporters are crucial for brain development. This review examines their role in human neocortex development, using single-cell transcriptomics to understand thyroid pathophysiology.

Keywords:
neocortexthyroid hormonestranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are essential for proper brain development.
  • Thyroid hormone transporters, like MCT8, regulate hormone passage across the blood-brain barrier.
  • Mutations in MCT8 cause Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, leading to severe neurological deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human neocortex development in the context of thyroid hormone pathophysiology.
  • To investigate the cellular expression of thyroid hormone regulators in the developing human brain.
  • To leverage single-cell transcriptomic data for novel insights into thyroid hormone action in the human brain.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid hormone action in brain development.
  • Analysis of single-cell RNA-Seq datasets from the developing human neocortex.
  • Profiling the expression patterns of thyroid hormone transporters, deiodinases, and receptors at the single-cell level.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific cellular expression patterns of key thyroid hormone regulators in the developing human neocortex.
  • Provided novel insights into the cellular distribution and potential roles of thyroid hormone transporters, deiodinases, and receptors.
  • Highlighted the limitations of current mouse models for studying human brain thyroid pathophysiology.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell transcriptomics offers a powerful approach to dissecting thyroid hormone regulation in human brain development.
  • Understanding cell-specific expression is crucial for comprehending thyroid pathophysiology and Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay of thyroid hormones in the human neocortex.