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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

44.8K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

9.2K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

9.4K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
9.4K
Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

341
Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
341
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

4.8K
GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

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Sensory biology: Olfactory crosstalk reshapes odor coding.

Anita V Devineni1

  • 1Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|October 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

New research reveals novel crosstalk in the fly brain's olfactory center. This interaction alters odor processing, potentially explaining how carbon dioxide triggers attraction or aversion.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Insect neurobiology

Background:

  • The antennal lobe is the primary olfactory processing center in insects.
  • Understanding olfactory pathway interactions is crucial for deciphering odor perception.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key olfactory stimulus known to elicit complex behavioral responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel forms of neural communication within the fly antennal lobe.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying odor coding plasticity.
  • To explain the dual behavioral effects (attraction/aversion) of carbon dioxide.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings in the fly antennal lobe.
  • Genetic manipulation of specific neuronal populations.

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New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding
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New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

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Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice
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Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

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New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding
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New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

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Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice
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Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

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  • Behavioral assays to assess olfactory responses.

    • Main Results:

    • A previously undescribed form of crosstalk between olfactory pathways was identified.
    • This crosstalk dynamically reshapes odor representations in the antennal lobe.
    • Evidence suggests this pathway interaction mediates CO2-driven attraction and aversion.

    Conclusions:

    • Neural crosstalk in the antennal lobe is a key mechanism for flexible odor coding.
    • This finding provides a framework for understanding how a single odorant can evoke opposing behaviors.
    • Future research can explore therapeutic targets for modulating olfactory perception.