Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

3.1K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
3.1K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

627
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
627
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

69.7K
Overview
69.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Regulatory B cells contribute to allergen-encapsulating nanoparticle immunotherapy efficacy for food allergy.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

Myeloid Cell-Targeting PLGA Nanoparticles Ameliorate Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Cancers·2026
Same author

Divergent macrophage-regulated T cell states determine response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine in high-risk bladder cancer.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

Engineered Lactoferrin Nanoparticle Coronas as a Tunable Platform for Immunomodulation and Antibacterial Function.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Antigen-specific immunotherapy with a CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell neoepitope restrains CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell differentiation in murine pancreatic islet grafts.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Evaluation of Mass Spectrometry Compatible Reagents for Determining Small Molecule Loading in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles.

Pharmaceutical research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination
11:07

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Published on: April 29, 2015

13.3K

Nanoparticle dose and antigen loading attenuate antigen-specific T-cell responses.

Liam M Casey1, Joseph T Decker2, Joseph R Podojil3

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
|October 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing antigen (Ag) loading and dose in nanoparticle (NP) carriers is key for inducing Ag-specific immune tolerance. This study found specific thresholds for Ag loading and NP dose were required for effective tolerance in mouse models.

Keywords:
autoimmunenanoparticlestolerance

More Related Videos

Enrich and Expand Rare Antigen-specific T Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles
09:28

Enrich and Expand Rare Antigen-specific T Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles

Published on: November 17, 2018

11.7K
Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
10:16

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: October 12, 2018

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination
11:07

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Published on: April 29, 2015

13.3K
Enrich and Expand Rare Antigen-specific T Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles
09:28

Enrich and Expand Rare Antigen-specific T Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles

Published on: November 17, 2018

11.7K
Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
10:16

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: October 12, 2018

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Current immune suppressants lack specificity, causing side effects.
  • Antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance can be induced using carrier systems like poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (PLG-Ag) and splenocytes (SP-Ag).
  • Efficacy of tolerance induction varies between carrier platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of Ag loading and dose of PLG-Ag on Ag presentation.
  • To compare PLG-Ag with SP-Ag in a dendritic cell (DC) and T cell coculture system.
  • To assess the in vitro and in vivo immune regulation by Ag-carrier systems.

Main Methods:

  • Coculture of dendritic cells (DCs) and Ag-restricted T cells with PLG-Ag and SP-Ag.
  • Measurement of CD25 expression, cytokine secretion (IL-2, IFNγ, IL-4), and transcription factor (TF) activity (TRACER).
  • In vivo validation using delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models.

Main Results:

  • PLG-Ag efficiently presented Ag to DCs, evidenced by high CD25 expression on T cells.
  • Cytokine secretion and TF activity varied with Ag loading, dose, and carrier type.
  • A threshold of 8 μg/mg Ag loading and 0.5 mg PLG-Ag dose was required for tolerance in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Ag loading and dose are critical parameters for optimizing Ag-carrier systems for immune tolerance.
  • PLG-Ag and SP-Ag carriers differentially modulate DC-T cell interactions and TF activity.
  • Findings provide insights for translating Ag-carrier systems for treating immune disorders.