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Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
Published on: October 22, 2014
Central hemodynamics and the discrepancy between central blood pressure and brachial blood pressure
Jin-Sun Park1, Joon-Han Shin1, Jeong-Bae Park2
1Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
Insights
Central hemodynamics differ from brachial blood pressure due to factors like arterial stiffness. Male gender also influences this discrepancy, especially with central systolic BP below 160 mm Hg.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Physiology
- Hypertension Research
Background:
- Brachial blood pressure (BP) measurements may not fully reflect central hemodynamics.
- Understanding discrepancies between central and brachial BP is crucial for cardiovascular risk assessment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify factors influencing the difference between central systolic BP (cSBP) and brachial systolic BP (bSBP).
- To explore the role of arterial stiffness and demographic factors in this BP discrepancy.
Main Methods:
- Noninvasive applanation tonometry was used to derive central BP in 647 patients.
- Multivariate logistic regression analyzed factors correlating with the bSBP-cSBP difference (>8 mm Hg).
- Central hemodynamic parameters including augmentation index (AI) and AI adjusted for heart rate (AI@HR75) were measured.
Main Results:
- A median difference of 8 mm Hg was observed between bSBP and cSBP.
- Age, gender, augmentation pressure, AI, and AI@HR75 were correlated with the BP discrepancy.
- AI@HR75 showed a significant negative correlation with the discrepancy across all cSBP groups. Male gender was also significantly correlated, particularly in groups with cSBP <160 mm Hg.
Conclusions:
- Arterial stiffness, indicated by AI@HR75, significantly influences the discrepancy between central and brachial BP.
- Male gender is closely associated with this discrepancy, especially at lower central systolic BP levels.
- Considering the difference between central and brachial BP is essential for a comprehensive understanding of central hemodynamics.
Abstract:
Despite similar brachial blood pressure, central hemodynamics could be different. The objective of the present study was to investigate the factors, which could influence the discrepancy between central BP (cBP) and brachial blood pressure. Six hundred forty-seven patients (364 males, 48 ± 12 years old) were enrolled. Using applanation tonometry, cBP was noninvasively derived. The median difference between brachial systolic BP (bSBP) and central systolic BP (cSBP) was 8 mm Hg. We defined the discrepancy between bSBP and cSBP as differences >8 mm Hg. For adjustment of cBP, population was divided into 3 groups according to the cBP: group 1, <140 mm Hg of cSBP; group 2, 140 > cSBP < 160 mm Hg; group 3, =160 mm Hg of cSBP. All the central hemodynamic parameters of the patients, including augmentation pressure, augmentation index (AI), heart rate (75 bpm) adjusted augmentation index (AI@HR75), and subendocardial viability ratio, were measured. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we evaluated the factors which could influence the discrepancy between bSBP and cSBP. Age, gender, augmentation pressure, AI, and AI@HR75 were correlated with the discrepancy between bSBP and cSBP. AI@HR75 was significantly correlated with the discrepancy between bSBP and cSBP (β-coefficient = -0.376, P < .001 in group 1; β-coefficient = -0.297, P < .001 in group 2; and β-coefficient = -0.545, P < .001 in group 3). In groups 1 and 2, male gender was significantly correlated with the discrepancy between bSBP and cSBP (β-coefficient = -0.857, P = .035 in group 1; β-coefficient = -1.422, P = .039 in group 2). In present study, arterial stiffness might affect the discrepancy between bSBP and cSBP. Also, male gender was closely related to the discrepancy between bSBP and cSBP especially with cSBP <160 mm Hg. Not only cSBP, the discrepancy between cSBP and bSBP should be considered for understanding the central hemodynamics.
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Special considerations while measuring blood pressure
Monitoring Both Arms:
Monitoring BP in both arms during the initial assessment is advisable, as the systolic value may differ by five to ten mm Hg between arms. For subsequent BP assessments, use the arm with the higher reading.
Assessment of blood pressure in brachial artery(two-step method)
Blood Pressure
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure

