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Related Concept Videos

The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

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Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms

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An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
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Classical multielectron model atoms with optimized ionization energies.

Jie Zhou, Xu Wang

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a method to create stable classical multielectron atoms by optimizing ionization energies to match experimental data. This approach reveals electron shell structures and offers new insights into double ionization processes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics
    • Computational Chemistry
    • Quantum Mechanics

    Background:

    • Classical atom models often struggle to accurately represent quantum mechanical effects.
    • Simulating multielectron atoms requires sophisticated methods to predict properties like ionization energy.
    • Previous work by Kirschbaum and Wilets introduced auxiliary potentials to bridge classical and quantum descriptions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for constructing stable classical multielectron model atoms.
    • To optimize model atom parameters to precisely match experimental ionization energies.
    • To explore the implications of ionization energy optimization on atomic structure and behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a genetic algorithm to optimize model parameters.
    • Utilizing auxiliary potentials to simulate quantum mechanical effects within a classical framework.
    • Focusing on matching the first few ionization energies to experimental values.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully built stable classical multielectron model atoms with experimentally validated ionization energies.
    • Observed the automatic emergence of separated electron shells in optimized model atoms.
    • Demonstrated the critical role of accurate ionization energies in atomic modeling.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimized classical models provide a viable approach to simulating multielectron atoms.
    • Accurate ionization energies are crucial for reproducing expected atomic shell structures.
    • The method offers new perspectives for studying complex phenomena like double ionization.