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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Three-axis closed-loop optically pumped magnetometer operated in the SERF regime.

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    We developed a sensitive three-axis magnetometer using optical pumping. This device offers improved dynamic range and bandwidth for magnetic field measurements in challenging environments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics
    • Magnetometry
    • Optics

    Background:

    • Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are crucial for sensitive magnetic field detection.
    • Traditional OPMs often face limitations in dynamic range and bandwidth.
    • Three-axis magnetic field measurement is essential for various applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and characterize a novel three-axis closed-loop optically pumped magnetometer.
    • To enhance the sensitivity, dynamic range, and bandwidth of OPMs.
    • To demonstrate the robustness of the magnetometer in complex environments.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing two orthogonal laser beams for pumping and probing alkali metal atoms.
    • Implementing a closed-loop feedback system for magnetometer operation.
    • Employing modulation fields at 10 kHz (x, y) and 6 kHz (z) for enhanced performance.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a three-axis sensitivity of approximately 30 fT/√Hz.
    • Significantly improved the dynamic range from ±5 nT to ±150 nT.
    • Increased the operational bandwidth from ~100 Hz to over 2 kHz.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed three-axis closed-loop OPM offers high sensitivity and robustness.
    • The enhanced dynamic range and bandwidth enable new applications.
    • This magnetometer is suitable for biomagnetic measurements, MRI, and fundamental physics research.