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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Freeform Optics

    Background:

    • Traditional optical systems often lack adaptability.
    • Variable optical performance is crucial for advanced imaging and non-imaging applications.
    • Existing methods for dynamic optics have limitations in scope and flexibility.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a general design methodology for refractive two-element systems with variable optical performance.
    • To enable dynamic optical functions beyond the limitations of previous approaches.
    • To demonstrate the versatility of the method for both imaging and non-imaging systems.

    Main Methods:

    • A design method based on lateral shifts of plano-freeform elements, inspired by the Alvarez lens principle.
    • Utilizing boundary lens prescriptions and maximum shift as key design inputs.
    • Developing theoretical frameworks for both analytically and numerically described freeform surfaces.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstration of a general design method for variable refractive optical systems.
    • Successful application to a wide range of challenging dynamic optical functions.
    • Validation of the method's flexibility through multiple practical examples.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed method offers a versatile and generalizable approach to designing dynamic optical systems.
    • It overcomes limitations of prior techniques, expanding possibilities for imaging and non-imaging applications.
    • The design methodology accommodates both analytical and numerical surface descriptions for broad applicability.