The effects of age on category learning and prototype- and exemplar-based generalization

The need to learn new concepts and categories persists through the lifespan, yet little is known about how aging affects the concept learning and generalization. Here, we trained young and older adults to classify typical and boundary category members, and then tested category generalization to new stimuli. During training, older adults had increased difficulty compared to young adults learning category labels for boundary items, but not typical items. At test, categorization performance that included new items at all levels of typicality was comparable across age groups, but formal categorization models indicated that older adults relied to a greater degree on generalized (prototype) category representations than young adults. These findings align with the proposal that older adults are able to form category representations based on central tendency even when they have difficulty learning and remembering individual category members. More broadly, the results contribute to our understanding of multiple categorization strategies and the limited strategy flexibility in older adults. They also highlight how reliance on preserved cognitive functions may sometimes help older adults maintain performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).