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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

The Green Monster Process for the Generation of Yeast Strains Carrying Multiple Gene Deletions
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Creating De Novo Overlapped Genes.

Dominic Y Logel1,2, Paul R Jaschke3,4

  • 1School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|October 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic biology applications require stable engineered cells. The Constraining Adaptive Mutations using Engineered Overlapping Sequences (CAMEOS) method protects non-essential genes from deactivating mutations, ensuring long-term function.

Keywords:
Deep learningGenerative modelGenome compressionMachine learningMarkov random fieldMultiple sequence alignmentsOverlapping genesProtein designSynthetic biologySynthetic genomes

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Future synthetic biology requires robust engineered cells for extended deployment outside laboratory settings.
  • Deactivating mutations in engineered genes pose a significant challenge to the stability and functionality of these cells.
  • The Constraining Adaptive Mutations using Engineered Overlapping Sequences (CAMEOS) method offers a novel solution to protect engineered genetic sequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a detailed workflow for applying the CAMEOS method to protect a non-essential gene (aroB) from mutation.
  • To demonstrate the creation of synthetic overlaps between an essential gene (infA) and a non-essential gene (aroB) using CAMEOS.
  • To safeguard protein function of non-essential genes in engineered organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of extensive homologous protein sequence data.
  • Generation of Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAs) from collected sequences.
  • Construction of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Markov Random Field (MRF) models utilizing MSAs.
  • Application of CAMEOS scripts to generate a library of synthetic overlapping coding sequences.

Main Results:

  • Successful generation of a workflow for CAMEOS implementation.
  • Creation of synthetic overlaps to protect the non-essential aroB gene.
  • Development of a virtual machine with pre-installed CAMEOS packages for user accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • The CAMEOS method effectively protects non-essential genes from mutation and loss of function in engineered cells.
  • The provided workflow and virtual machine facilitate the practical application of CAMEOS by researchers.
  • This approach enhances the stability and reliability of synthetic biology systems for long-term applications.