Risk Modeling to Reduce Monitoring of an Autoantibody-Positive Population to Prevent DKA at Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis

The presence of islet autoimmunity identifies individuals likely to progress to clinical type 1 diabetes (T1D). In clinical research studies, autoantibody screening followed by regular metabolic monitoring every 6 months reduces incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis.

We hypothesized that DKA reduction can be achieved on a population basis with a reduced frequency of metabolic monitoring visits. We reasoned that prolonged time between the development of T1D and the time of clinical diagnosis ("undiagnosed time") would more commonly result in DKA and thus that limiting undiagnosed time would decrease DKA.

An analysis was conducted of data from TrialNet's Pathway to Prevention (PTP), a cross-sectional longitudinal study that identifies and follows at-risk relatives of people with T1D. PTP is a population-based study enrolling across multiple countries. A total of 6193 autoantibody (AAB)-positive individuals participated in PTP from March 2004 to April 2019. We developed models of progression to clinical diagnosis for pediatric and adult populations with single or multiple AAB, and summarized results using estimated hazard rate. An optimal monitoring visit schedule was determined for each model to achieve a minimum average level of undiagnosed time for each population.

Halving the number of monitoring visits usually conducted in research studies is likely to substantially lower the population incidence of DKA at diagnosis of T1D.

Our study has clinical implications for the metabolic monitoring of at-risk individuals. Fewer monitoring visits would reduce the clinical burden, suggesting a path toward transitioning monitoring beyond the research setting.