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Contemporary blood doping-Performance, mechanism, and detection.
Andreas Breenfeldt Andersen1,2, Nikolai Baastrup Nordsborg1, Thomas Christian Bonne1
1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
|October 13, 2022
Summary
Micro-dosing blood doping, using recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) or blood transfusions, enhances endurance performance by 4-6%. Detection remains challenging, but new biomarkers show promise for identifying these subtle doping practices.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Anti-Doping Research
- Physiology
Background:
- Blood doping, including recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) and blood transfusions, is a prohibited practice in endurance sports.
- Allegations suggest a shift towards micro-dosing to evade detection methods.
Approach:
- This narrative review evaluates the performance-enhancing effects, mechanisms, and detection of blood doping, with a focus on micro-dosing.
- Analysis of randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials on micro-dose interventions.
Key Points:
- Infusing 130ml red blood cells or injecting 9 IU/kg/week rhEpo for 4 weeks improved endurance performance by approximately 4-6%.
- Performance enhancement is attributed to increased oxygen-carrying capacity, leading to improved muscular oxygen extraction and blood flow.
- Micro-dosing challenges the Athlete Biological Passport, with detection rates varying from 20-60% based on sample timing.
Conclusions:
- Novel biomarkers, including immature reticulocytes and iron regulatory hormones (hepcidin, erythroferrone), show potential for detecting micro blood doping.
- Further validation of these biomarkers is crucial for effective real-world anti-doping strategies.
- Continued research into biomarker discovery is essential to combat evolving doping practices.
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