A New Chemotactic Mechanism Governs Long-Range Angiogenesis Induced by Patching an Arterial Graft into a Vein

Chemotaxis, the migration of cells in response to chemical stimulus, is an important concept in the angiogenesis model. In most angiogenesis models, chemotaxis is defined as the migration of a sprout tip in response to the upgradient of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). However, we found that angiogenesis induced by performing arterial patch grafting on rabbits occurred under the decreasing VEGFA gradient. Data show that the VEGFA concentration peaked at approximately 0.3 to 0.5 cm away from the arterial patch and decreased as the measurement approaches the patch. We also observed that the new blood vessels formed are twisted and congested in some areas, in a distinguishable manner from non-pathological blood vessels. To explain these observations, we developed a mathematical model and compared the results from numerical simulations with the experimental data. We introduced a new chemotactic velocity using the temporal change in the chemoattractant gradient to govern the sprout tip migration. We performed a hybrid simulation to illustrate the growth of new vessels. Results indicated the speed of growth of new vessels oscillated before reaching the periphery of the arterial patch. Crowded and congested blood vessel formation was observed during numerical simulations. Thus, our numerical simulation results agreed with the experimental data.