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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Cytokine Storm-Definition, Causes, and Implications.

Dominik Jarczak1, Axel Nierhaus1

  • 1Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune system imbalances can cause massive cytokine release, leading to severe self-reinforcing inflammation and organ damage. Understanding and treating this complex immune response remains a challenge.

Keywords:
CAR-T cell therapycytokine release syndromecytokine stormimmunityinvasive meningococcal diseaseoverwhelming post-splenectomy infectionpost-cardiac arrest syndromesepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • The human immune system maintains a delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses through complex regulatory mechanisms.
  • Effector cells within the innate and adaptive immune systems produce various cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, and chemokines.
  • Disruptions to immune homeostasis can trigger excessive cytokine release, potentially leading to severe health consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying cytokine storms resulting from immune system dysregulation.
  • To highlight the diverse triggers of immune system disturbances, including pathogens, genetic conditions, and therapies.
  • To underscore the current limitations in understanding and effectively treating cytokine-mediated systemic damage.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of existing literature on immune system regulation and cytokine-mediated pathology.
  • Analysis of complex interactions within innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Examination of clinical outcomes associated with cytokine release syndrome.

Main Results:

  • Immune system disturbances can initiate self-reinforcing feedback loops, causing massive cytokine release.
  • This cytokine storm can result in systemic damage, multi-organ failure, and mortality.
  • Pathogens, congenital diseases, and immunomodulatory therapies are identified as potential initiators.

Conclusions:

  • The intricate nature of immune system interactions complicates the understanding of cytokine storms.
  • Effective therapeutic strategies for managing these conditions are currently limited.
  • Further research is crucial for advancing our knowledge and developing targeted treatments.