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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

99
The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
99

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Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Immunometabolic Circuits in Infection for Advancing Host Directed Therapies
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Published on: September 13, 2024

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Lactate-Lactylation Hands between Metabolic Reprogramming and Immunosuppression.

Lihua Chen1,2, Lixiang Huang3, Yu Gu1,2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Lactate, once seen as waste, is now known to drive cancer through histone lactylation, impacting immune evasion and metabolism. Targeting lactate metabolism offers a promising new cancer therapy strategy.

Keywords:
immune evasionimmunotherapylactatelactylationmetabolic reprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cancer hallmarks include immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming, with lactate linking these processes.
  • Lactate and tumor microenvironment (TME) acidification promote cancer progression and immune escape.
  • Histone lysine lactylation (Kla) is a novel post-translational modification (PTM) revealing lactate's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review lactate's immunosuppressive role via metabolism and lactylation.
  • To explore protein lactylation's impact on immune cells and cellular functions.
  • To investigate targeting lactate metabolism for novel cancer therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on lactate metabolism and cancer.
  • Analysis of histone and non-histone protein lactylation mechanisms.
  • Examination of lactate's effects on immune cell function and polarization.

Main Results:

  • Lactate is a key mediator of immunosuppression in the TME.
  • Protein lactylation is crucial for lactate's function in glycolysis and macrophage polarization.
  • Histone and non-histone lactylation influence immune cell activities.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate's role extends beyond metabolism to immune regulation through lactylation.
  • Targeting lactate metabolism and lactylation pathways presents a potential therapeutic avenue.
  • Combined strategies inhibiting glycolysis and immunotherapy show promise for cancer treatment.