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Related Concept Videos

Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

176
Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
176
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

159
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
159
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

356
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
356
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

287
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
287
Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

176
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
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Mortar01:29

Mortar

284
Mortar, a mixture of Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, and water, is a crucial binding material in construction. Its primary function is to join masonry units together, filling gaps and ensuring a uniform distribution of weight across the structure. This helps in preventing potential weaknesses. Mortar also serves as a protective barrier against environmental elements such as water and wind, thereby safeguarding the interior of the structure. It also compensates for surface irregularities...
284

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Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Phosphogypsum-Based Ultra-Low Basicity Cementing Material.

Pengping Li1, Xinxing Zhang2, Mingfeng Zhong2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Harbor & Marine Structure Durability Technology, Ministry of Communications, Guangzhou 510230, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an eco-friendly cement using phosphogypsum and slag, achieving ultra-low alkalinity (pH < 9) to protect aquatic life. The material offers rapid setting, low hydration heat, and high strength for sustainable construction.

Keywords:
cementitious materialgranulated ground blast slaglow alkalinityphosphogypsumsulphoaluminate cement

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Civil Engineering

Background:

  • Traditional Portland cement's high alkalinity harms aquatic ecosystems.
  • Need for sustainable, eco-friendly cementitious materials in construction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop an ultra-low alkalinity cementitious material using industrial waste.
  • Assess its environmental impact and mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of cementitious material using phosphogypsum, granulated ground blast slag (GGBS), and sulphoaluminate cement.
  • pH measurement of pore solutions.
  • X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for hydration product analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved ultra-low alkalinity (pH < 9) with pore solutions.
  • Identified hydration products as ettringite and hydrated calcium silicate; no Ca(OH)2 detected.
  • Demonstrated short setting time, low heat of hydration, and high mortar strength.

Conclusions:

  • The novel cementitious material is eco-friendly with ultra-low alkalinity, suitable for aquatic environments.
  • It effectively immobilizes harmful substances like phosphate, fluoride, Cr, and Ba.
  • Potential applications include island/reef construction and river restoration.