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Related Concept Videos

Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

192
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
192
Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

122
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
122
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

208
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
208
Aggregate Cement Ratio01:21

Aggregate Cement Ratio

301
The Aggregate Cement ratio refers to the weight of aggregate divided by the weight of cement in a concrete mix. Altering this ratio has profound effects on the concrete's properties. This ratio plays a pivotal role in determining the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. When the Aggregate Cement ratio is higher, the mix is leaner, meaning it has less cement paste to lubricate the aggregate, potentially making the concrete less workable. Such mixes, known as lean, enhance the...
301
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

207
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
207
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

159
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
159

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Production and Analysis of Sporosarcina pasteurii Biocement Bricks Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds for Unconfined Compression Tests
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Multi-Response Robust Parameter Optimization of Cemented Backfill Proportion with Ultra-Fine Tailings.

Mingqing Huang1,2, Sijie Cai1, Lin Chen1

  • 1Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing cemented backfill for Carlin-type gold mines involves balancing slurry concentration, waste rock, and cement-sand ratio. This research identifies key factors to improve backfill strength and fluidity, crucial for ultra-fine tailings management.

Keywords:
optimization proportionorthogonal designresponse surface methodrobust parameterultra-fine tailings cemented filling

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Area of Science:

  • Mining Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Carlin-type gold mines face challenges with ultra-fine tailings, leading to low backfill strength and transport issues.
  • Effective backfill is essential for mined-out area stability and resource recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of slurry mass concentration, waste rock content, and cement-sand ratio on cemented backfill strength and fluidity.
  • To optimize the proportion of ultra-fine tailings cemented backfill for improved performance.

Main Methods:

  • Orthogonal proportion experiments and range analysis to identify influential factors.
  • Response surface methodology (RSM) to analyze factor effects and interactions.
  • Robust optimization using a desirability function to determine optimal parameters.

Main Results:

  • Cement-sand ratio significantly influences backfill strength; slurry mass concentration dominates slump.
  • Interactions between waste rock content and cement-sand ratio affect slump; interactions between slurry mass concentration and cement-sand ratio positively correlate with strength.
  • Optimized proportions: 68.36% slurry mass concentration, 36.72% waste rock content, 1:3 cement-sand ratio.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides an optimized backfill mixture for ultra-fine tailings, enhancing both strength and fluidity.
  • Multi-response robust parameter optimization successfully verified through laboratory tests, achieving an overall desirability of 0.8165.