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Design Example

Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any...

Phase Changes

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

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Multifunctional Coding-Feeding Metasurface Based on Phase Manipulation.

Guo-Shuai Huang^1,2, Si-Jia Li^1,3,4, Zhuo-Yue Li¹

¹Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710077, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|October 14, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel coding-feeding metasurface (CFMS) capable of high-gain radiation, orbital angular momentum (OAM) generation, and radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. This versatile metasurface technology offers significant potential for advanced wireless communication and stealth applications.

Keywords:

OAM generation RCS reduction coding-feeding metasurface emission scatting

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Area of Science:

Metasurfaces
Electromagnetics
Antenna Engineering

Background:

Metasurfaces (MSs) require multiple functionalities on a shared aperture for diverse applications.
Existing metasurface designs often face limitations in integrating multiple functions efficiently.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and validate a novel coding-feeding metasurface (CFMS) integrating high-gain radiation, orbital angular momentum (OAM) generation, and radar cross-section (RCS) reduction.
To demonstrate the feasibility of achieving these multiple functionalities through phase manipulation on a shared aperture.

Main Methods:

Design of a CFMS unit cell comprising a rectangular emission patch and two quasi-Minkowski patches for reflective phase manipulation.
Rational configuration of elements and excitation phases to achieve high-gain radiation and multiple OAM modes (±1, ±2, ±3).
Implementation of phase interference techniques for broadband and dual-band RCS reduction.

Main Results:

Successful demonstration of high-gain radiation and generation of OAM modes ±1, ±2, and ±3.
Achieved 8 dB broadband RCS reduction from 3.18 GHz to 7.56 GHz for y-polarization and dual-band RCS reduction for x-polarization.
Experimental measurements of a fabricated prototype closely matched simulation results, validating the CFMS concept.

Conclusions:

The proposed CFMS effectively integrates high-gain radiation, OAM generation, and RCS reduction on a shared aperture.
The CFMS exhibits advantages of light weight and low profile, making it suitable for stealth aircraft applications in detection and wireless communication.