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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
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Valence Bond Theory02:45

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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

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Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
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Types of Chemical Bonds02:37

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Matere Bonds vs. Multivalent Halogen and Chalcogen Bonds: Three Case Studies.

Rosa M Gomila1, Antonio Frontera1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study compares novel matere bonds with established halogen and chalcogen bonds using computational methods. It explores σ-hole interactions in Re(VII) and Se(VI) systems, offering new insights into noncovalent bonding.

Keywords:
DFT calculationsX-ray structureschalcogen bondhalogen bondmatere bond

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Matere bonds are recently defined attractive noncovalent interactions.
  • σ-hole interactions, including halogen and chalcogen bonds, are well-established.
  • Metals as σ-hole donors are gaining research interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare matere bonds with known σ-hole interactions.
  • To investigate σ-hole interactions involving Re(VII) and Se(VI) systems.
  • To analyze and compare σ-hole interactions in Re(VII), Se(VI), and Cl(VII) electron acceptors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three X-ray structures from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).
  • Employed Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Applied various computational tools for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Compared matere bonds with halogen and chalcogen bonds.
  • Investigated neutral Re(VII) as a matere bond donor.
  • Described unprecedented σ-hole interactions in Se(VI) systems.

Conclusions:

  • Matere bonds show comparable characteristics to established σ-hole interactions.
  • Re(VII) and Se(VI) systems offer novel platforms for studying σ-hole interactions.
  • The study provides a detailed computational analysis of these noncovalent interactions.