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Cognitive process underlying ultimatum game: An eye-tracking study from a dual-system perspective.

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Summary

Dual-system theories suggest fairness and self-interest drive decisions in the ultimatum game (UG). This study provides direct evidence for independent System 1 (fairness) and System 2 (self-interest) contributions using eye-tracking and process dissociation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroeconomics
  • Decision Sciences

Background:

  • Dual-system theories posit automatic (System 1) and controlled (System 2) processes in decision-making.
  • System 1 is linked to fairness preferences, while System 2 is associated with self-interest.
  • Direct evidence linking these systems to cognitive processes in the ultimatum game (UG) is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly investigate the independent contributions of System 1 and System 2 to UG decisions.
  • To examine the underlying cognitive processes using eye-tracking and process dissociation.
  • To determine if cognitive measures predict UG outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Employed the process dissociation procedure to quantify System 1 and System 2 contributions.
  • Recorded participants' eye movements (e.g., reaction time, mean fixation duration) during UG tasks.
  • Analyzed associations between system contributions, cognitive measures, and decision outcomes.

Main Results:

  • System 1 (fairness) and System 2 (self-interest) contributions were uncorrelated.
  • Cognitive measures like reaction time and mean fixation duration showed dissociated patterns with System 1 and System 2.
  • Relative time advantage and payoff transitions predicted final UG decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the independent operation of fairness and self-interest systems in UG.
  • Eye-tracking and process dissociation reveal distinct cognitive underpinnings for each system.
  • This research offers a more nuanced understanding of decision-making processes in economic games.