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Hot Weather Concreting

Hot Weather Concreting

Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
Mitigating the heat increase in concrete can be economically achieved by shading aggregate stockpiles to prevent heating from solar radiation,...

Factors Affecting Creep

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In normal-weight aggregate concrete, the hardened cement paste is the primary contributor to creep, whereas the aggregates, being stiffer than the cement paste, are more resilient to stress-induced deformation. The stiffness of the aggregates is defined by their modulus of elasticity, and the more voluminous they are in the concrete, the less it will creep.
Further, the water/cement ratio is critical, as a lower ratio increases concrete strength, thus reducing creep. The strength of the...

Posttensioned Masonry Walls

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Post-tensioned masonry walls use high-strength steel rods or flexible tendons to enhance the strength and efficiency of masonry structures. These elements are securely anchored to the foundation and extend vertically either within the cores of the masonry units or between the masonry wythes. The construction process involves building the wall with these tensioning elements in place and allowing the mortar to fully cure.
Following the curing process, the tensioning begins. Steel rods are...

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units...

Mass Concreting

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Mass concreting refers to the process of placing large volumes of concrete, such as in gravity dams. The heat generated during the cement hydration process and differential cooling rates within the concrete mass can lead to a temperature gradient, which can result in thermal cracks in the concrete mass.
To reduce the risk of such cracking, the concrete mix may incorporate low-heat cement and pozzolans to reduce the temperature rise. Pre-cooled angular aggregates and water-reducing admixtures...

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

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This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.

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Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds

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Factors affecting the post-disaster temporary housing construction.

Mahdi Afkhamiaghda¹, Emad Elwakil², Kereshmeh Afsari³

¹Department of Computer Graphics Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

Journal of Emergency Management (Weston, Mass.)

|October 14, 2022

Summary

Natural disasters displace millions annually, creating a complex challenge in providing temporary housing. This review analyzes factors influencing temporary housing construction, offering insights for disaster relief agencies.

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Area of Science:

Disaster Management
Civil Engineering
Urban Planning

Background:

Natural disasters annually cause homelessness for approximately 14 million people worldwide.
Providing temporary housing post-disaster is complex, influenced by socioeconomic, logistical, and community factors.
Balancing diverse needs in temporary accommodations presents a significant challenge for relief agencies.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review factors affecting the building process of temporary post-disaster housing.
To analyze the types and frequency of factors studied in temporary housing research over 20 years (1999-2019).
To examine how studied factors interact and are addressed in existing research and reports.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of academic databases (Academic Search Premier, Engineering Village) and gray literature.
Analysis of research and reports published between 1999 and 2019.
Identification and categorization of factors influencing temporary housing construction.

Main Results:

Identified key socioeconomic, logistical, and community factors impacting temporary housing.
Highlighted the frequency and types of factors researched in the past two decades.
Revealed gaps in understanding the interrelationships between various influencing factors.

Conclusions:

A detailed understanding of influencing factors is crucial for effective temporary housing provision.
Further research is needed to explore the complex interplay of factors for improved disaster response.
Integrating diverse factors into planning can enhance the resilience and suitability of temporary shelters.