Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

1.9K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
1.9K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.1K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.1K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.1K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
1.1K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

47.8K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
47.8K
First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium01:18

First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium

5.2K
Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
Newton's first law tells us about...
5.2K
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

1.4K
In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Metabolite-Driven Estrogenic Activity in Freshwater Fish Associated with Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents Revealed by Effect-Directed Analysis and Nontarget Screening.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, and Prioritization of Display-Related Organic Compounds in Sediments and Freshwater Fish in a Major Display Manufacturing Region.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Derivation and Application of Effect-Based Trigger Values for Persistent and Non-persistent Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Activities in Coastal Sediments.

Environmental toxicology and chemistry·2026
Same author

Source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Pohang New Harbor, South Korea, using compound-specific stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026
Same author

Unveiling Exsolution-Induced Giant Electronic and Magnetic Property Changes in Non-Stoichiometric Titanate Perovskite Thin Films.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Pollution characteristics and health risks of PAHs and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives in the ambient air of a major iron and steel industrial city in South Korea.

Marine pollution bulletin·2026
Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.1K

Entangling three identical particles via spatial overlap.

Donghwa Lee, Tanumoy Pramanik, Seongjin Hong

    Optics Express
    |October 15, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Generating tripartite entanglement with identical photons is crucial for quantum technologies. This study demonstrates schemes for creating GHZ and W states, showing indistinguishability is key for multi-particle entanglement.

    More Related Videos

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.6K
    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
    10:37

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

    Published on: January 9, 2014

    9.1K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Aug 25, 2025

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.1K
    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.6K
    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
    10:37

    Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

    Published on: January 9, 2014

    9.1K

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum information science
    • Quantum optics
    • Many-body quantum systems

    Background:

    • Quantum correlations, specifically entanglement, are vital for advancing quantum technologies.
    • Previous research established the necessity of spatial overlap and indistinguishability for bipartite entanglement.
    • Extending entanglement studies to multi-particle systems faces experimental challenges due to control difficulties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and experimentally demonstrate schemes for generating genuine tripartite entanglement in both GHZ and W classes.
    • To investigate the impact of particle distinguishability on tripartite entanglement.
    • To confirm the fundamental role of particle indistinguishability in multi-particle entanglement.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of experimental schemes utilizing linear optics.
    • Experimental demonstration with three identical photons.
    • Analysis of entanglement properties as particle distinguishability is varied.

    Main Results:

    • Successful generation of two fundamental classes of genuine tripartite entanglement (GHZ and W states) using three identical photons.
    • Experimental evidence showing that tripartite entanglement degrades to full separability as particles become more distinguishable.
    • Quantification of the decay of entanglement with increasing distinguishability.

    Conclusions:

    • Particle indistinguishability is a fundamental requirement for generating multipartite entanglement.
    • The proposed schemes provide a viable method for creating and controlling tripartite entangled states.
    • These findings have implications for the development of multi-qubit quantum systems and quantum information processing.