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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Research on Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Separation and Heterogeneity
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Gut bacterial extracellular vesicles: important players in regulating intestinal microenvironment.

Xiao Liang1,2,3, Nini Dai1,2,3, Kangliang Sheng1,2,3

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.

Gut Microbes
|October 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Gut bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (GBEVs) mediate communication between microbes and the host. Understanding GBEVs is key to developing microbiota-based therapies for diseases like IBD and colon cancer.

Keywords:
Bacteria-bacteria interactionbacteria-host interactiongut bacterial extracellular vesiclesintestinal dysbiosisintestinal microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Intestinal microenvironment dysbiosis contributes to diseases like obesity, diabetes, IBD, and colon cancer.
  • Microbiota-based strategies show promise for treating chronic diseases, but mechanisms are unclear.
  • Precise control of the gut microbiome requires understanding its internal regulation and host interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of gut bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (GBEVs) in microbial interactions.
  • To explore GBEVs' function in bacteria-host communication.
  • To discuss the clinical potential of GBEVs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on GBEVs.
  • Analysis of studies on GBEVs in gut microbiota interactions.
  • Examination of research on GBEVs in bacteria-host communication.

Main Results:

  • GBEVs are nanoparticles secreted by gut microbiota.
  • GBEVs act as key mediators in bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host communication.
  • GBEVs are implicated in various gut-related disease processes.

Conclusions:

  • GBEVs are crucial for gut microbial communication and host interactions.
  • Further research into GBEVs could unlock novel therapeutic strategies.
  • GBEVs hold significant potential for clinical applications in treating gut dysbiosis-related diseases.