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Evolution and maintenance of phenotypic plasticity.

UnJin Lee1, Emily N Mortola2, Eun-Jin Kim3

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.

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Summary

This study introduces a new framework to explore how phenotypic plasticity evolves, considering both genetic and epigenetic factors. It reveals that the evolution of plasticity depends on environmental changes and the balance between genetic and epigenetic mutation rates.

Keywords:
AdaptationEnvironmental variabilityEvolutionMutation-selection-drift balancePlasticityStochastic differential equations

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to adapt to changing environments.
  • Previous models explored genic contributions to plasticity but often overlooked epigenetic effects.
  • Understanding the interplay between genic and epigenetic mechanisms is crucial for evolutionary insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel framework integrating genic and epigenetic effects on phenotypic plasticity.
  • To explore the evolutionary consequences of adaptive and non-adaptive plasticity.
  • To investigate how environmental shifts and mutation rates influence the evolution of plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized stochastic differential equations to model genic and epigenetic contributions to phenotype.
  • Employed in-silico selection experiments to simulate evolutionary processes.
  • Compared deterministic genic pathways with stochastic epigenetic pathways for phenotypic accommodation.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed prior findings on plasticity favoring environmental shifts and decreasing in stable environments (canalization).
  • Demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms can facilitate adaptation when genic contributions are insufficient.
  • Showed that selection favors the most efficient adaptation route, whether genic or epigenetic.
  • Highlighted that the relative mutation rates of genic and epigenetic factors determine whether plasticity evolves or canalization occurs.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between genic and epigenetic mechanisms is critical for the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
  • Environmental dynamics and relative mutation rates dictate the balance between plasticity and canalization.
  • Genetic conflict significantly influences the evolutionary trajectory of phenotypic plasticity.