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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving01:15

Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving

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In the design of a supported timber beam subjected to a distributed load, both the beam's physical dimensions and the timber's characteristics, such as its grade and species, are critical. These factors determine the allowable stress values, which are crucial for calculating the necessary beam depth to ensure structural integrity and safety.
The design begins with analyzing the beam as a free body to identify moments and force balances, thereby determining support reactions. Next, the...
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Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines.
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Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
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Hexagonal Prisms Form in Water-Ice Clouds on Mars, Producing Halo Displays Seen by Perseverance Rover.

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Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Solar halos are common atmospheric phenomena on Earth, caused by ice crystal refraction.
  • Previous observations have not detected halos beyond Earth, making Martian halos a novel discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and analyze the first observed solar halo on Mars.
  • To infer the properties of Martian clouds responsible for the halo phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multiple cameras on the Perseverance rover for solar halo observation.
  • Analyzed halo characteristics (size, duration) to determine cloud particle properties.

Main Results:

  • A 22° solar halo was observed for several hours during Martian northern midsummer.
  • The halo required hexagonal water-ice crystals (≥11 μm) at high altitudes (40-50 km).
  • Observed halo suggests significant downward transport of water and dust over 3-12 km.

Conclusions:

  • Martian halo-forming clouds require high supersaturation, suggesting they are rare but possibly more common in specific regions/seasons.
  • This discovery provides insights into Martian atmospheric dynamics and water cycle.