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Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...

Schemas

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

Cognitivism

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...

Reason and Intuition

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development from Childhood into Adulthood

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development from Childhood into Adulthood

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the role of thinking in a child's learning process, suggesting that children are naturally curious about their environment. His approach to development is discontinuous, proposing that cognitive abilities progress through distinct stages, each with unique characteristics. Central to Piaget's theory is schemata—mental structures that allow individuals to understand and interpret the world.
Schemata: Building Blocks of Knowledge

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

An integrated cognitive framework for understanding modern cities.

Renzhong Guo^1,2,3, Wuyang Hong^1,2, Biao He^1,2,3

¹Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen, 518060 China.

Computational Urban Science

|October 17, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study proposes a new cognitive model for understanding modern cities as complex systems. It integrates theory, methodology, and governance to improve urban development and sustainability.

Keywords:

Characteristic recognition Governance system Integrated framework Modern city Theoretical system

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Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

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Published on: October 13, 2023

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Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Published on: November 29, 2024

Area of Science:

Urban Studies
Systems Theory
Information Science

Background:

Modern urban development necessitates novel management and operational frameworks.
Cities are conceptualized as complex, organic life systems, driven by urban information science.
Understanding evolving urban characteristics, problems, and governance adaptability is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a comprehensive cognitive model for studying modern cities.
To integrate theoretical foundations, methodological support, and governance systems for urban analysis.
To enhance the effectiveness of modern urban construction and sustainable development.

Main Methods:

Theoretical evolution analysis of modern cities.
Complex systems perspective, viewing cities as organic life forms.
Examination of urban characteristics, problem generation, and governance adaptability.

Main Results:

A new cognitive model for urban study integrating three core systems.
Discussion on the rationale and core ideas for constructing theoretical, methodological, and governance systems.
Framework for analyzing external structures and internal functions of modern cities.

Conclusions:

The proposed cognitive model offers a structured approach to urban research.
Effective urban construction and sustainable development can be guided by this integrated model.
This research provides a pathway for more rational and effective urban management.