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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

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Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
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Testing a Claim about Population Proportion01:24

Testing a Claim about Population Proportion

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A complete procedure for testing a claim about a population proportion is provided here.
There are two methods of testing a claim about a population proportion: (1) Using the sample proportion from the data where a binomial distribution is approximated to the normal distribution and (2) Using the binomial probabilities calculated from the data.
The first method uses normal distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution. The requirements are as follows: sample size is large...
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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Bullying02:04

Bullying

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A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
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Fewer boys born amid covid-19.

Alice Klein

    New Scientist (1971)
    |October 17, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    The COVID-19 pandemic

    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Health
    • Epidemiology
    • Demography

    Background:

    • The COVID-19 pandemic introduced unprecedented global stress.
    • Pandemic-related stress may impact reproductive outcomes.
    • Previous research indicates stress can influence the human sex ratio at birth.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the potential impact of the initial COVID-19 pandemic stress on the birth sex ratio in England and Wales.
    • To explore the hypothesis that pandemic-related uncertainties may have led to differential fetal loss based on sex.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of birth data from England and Wales during the initial pandemic period.
    • Comparison of the observed sex ratio at birth with historical trends.
    • Statistical modeling to assess the correlation between pandemic stress indicators and sex ratio deviations.

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    Main Results:

    • A potential skew in the birth sex ratio was observed in England and Wales during the early stages of the pandemic.
    • The findings suggest a possible increase in the loss of male fetuses under conditions of high stress and uncertainty.
    • The observed changes in sex ratio were statistically significant, warranting further investigation.

    Conclusions:

    • The initial stress of the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the birth sex ratio in England and Wales.
    • Increased fetal loss of male fetuses is a plausible mechanism for the observed skew.
    • Further research is needed to confirm these findings and elucidate the precise biological pathways involved.