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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

561
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
561
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

1.9K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
28.1K
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

7.0K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
7.0K
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

884
In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then...
884
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

906
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
906

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A Test of Energetic Particle Precipitation Models Using Simultaneous Incoherent Scatter Radar and Van Allen Probes

Ennio R Sanchez1, Qianli Ma2,3, Wei Xu4

  • 1Center for Geospace Studies SRI International Menlo Park CA USA.

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Energetic electron precipitation in Earth's radiation belts was quantified by comparing model predictions with radar measurements. Some model predictions closely matched observations, indicating realistic wave-particle interaction models for electron precipitation.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Plasma Physics

Background:

  • Energetic electron precipitation is crucial for understanding radiation belt dynamics.
  • Wave-particle interactions drive electron loss into the atmosphere.
  • Incoherent scatter radars provide direct measurements of atmospheric ionization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare predicted ionization profiles from energetic electron precipitation with actual radar measurements.
  • To validate wave-particle interaction models used in radiation belt studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Van Allen Probes data and an electron pitch angle diffusion model to calculate precipitating electron fluxes.
  • Employed the Boulder Electron Radiation to Ionization model to simulate atmospheric ionization.
  • Compared modeled ionization profiles with D-region density measurements from the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar.

Main Results:

  • Observed instances of close quantitative agreement between predicted and measured ionization profiles.
  • Identified several-minute intervals (65-93 km altitude) where model predictions closely approximated observations.
  • Found that regions causing energetic electron precipitation are highly spatially localized, leading to alternating agreement and disagreement.

Conclusions:

  • Whistler wave-electron interaction models are realistic for electron energies of 10 keV to >100 keV.
  • Model-data agreement validates the simulation of electron precipitation due to wave-particle interactions.
  • The localized nature of precipitation regions explains the variability in model-data comparisons.