Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Social Traps

Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...

Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Outliers and Influential Points

Outliers and Influential Points

An outlier is an observation of data that does not fit the rest of the data. It is sometimes called an extreme value. When you graph an outlier, it will appear not to fit the pattern of the graph. Some outliers are due to mistakes (for example, writing down 50 instead of 500), while others may indicate that something unusual is happening. Outliers are present far from the least squares line in the vertical direction. They have large "errors," where the "error" or residual is the...

Stereotype Content Model

Stereotype Content Model

The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...

Fundamental Attribution Error

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

"We're the Constant": Navigating Resource Scarcity and Relational Depth in Rural and Urban Home Visiting Programs.

Child maltreatment·2026

Same author

Trends in shaken baby syndrome diagnosis codes among young children hospitalized for abuse.

Injury epidemiology·2021

Same journal

Uneven Growth and Unexpected Drivers of Ethnoracial Diversity across Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan America.

Rural sociology·2026

Same journal

Working Poverty across the Metro-Nonmetro Divide: A Quarter Century in Perspective, 1979-2003.

Rural sociology·2026

Same journal

Informal modes of social support among residents of the rural American West during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rural sociology·2024

Same journal

The Built Environment and Social and Emotional Support among Rural Older Adults: The Case for Social Infrastructure and Attention to Ethnoracial Differences.

Rural sociology·2023

Same journal

Climate Change, Agrarian Distress, and the Feminization of Agriculture in South Asia.

Rural sociology·2022

Same journal

Proposed pipelines and environmental justice: Exploring the association between race, socioeconomic status, and pipeline proposals in the United States.

Rural sociology·2022

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Impact of Physical Barriers on Rodent Populations in Farmland Areas

Author Spotlight: Impact of Physical Barriers on Rodent Populations in Farmland Areas

Published on: March 8, 2024

Hardship in the Heartland: Associations Between Rurality, Income, and Material Hardship.

Aislinn Conrad¹, Megan Ronnenberg¹

¹School of Social Work The University of Iowa.

Rural Sociology

|October 17, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Material hardship affects one in three U.S. households. This study reveals rurality and low income increase odds of material hardship, impacting basic needs like food and healthcare.

More Related Videos

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Published on: January 7, 2019

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Published on: June 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Impact of Physical Barriers on Rodent Populations in Farmland Areas

Author Spotlight: Impact of Physical Barriers on Rodent Populations in Farmland Areas

Published on: March 8, 2024

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Published on: January 7, 2019

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Published on: June 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Public Health
Sociology
Rural Health

Background:

Material hardship, defined as the inadequate provision of basic needs, affects a significant portion of U.S. households.
While disparities in hardship are noted for households with children or persons of color, less is understood about its prevalence in rural settings.
Understanding material hardship is crucial for public health and socioeconomic policy development.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the prevalence of material hardship in Iowa.
To investigate the relationship between rurality, income, and material hardship.
To identify key demographic predictors of material hardship in a diverse sample.

Main Methods:

Utilized data from the 2016 State Innovation Model Statewide Consumer Survey.
Employed logistic regression analysis to examine associations between variables.
Focused on four distinct forms of material hardship.

Main Results:

Rural respondents had lower odds of experiencing material hardship compared to non-rural respondents.
Lower income was significantly associated with greater odds of material hardship across all models.
Rurality, income, race, and age were identified as strong predictors of material hardship.

Conclusions:

Material hardship is a widespread issue in Iowa, affecting various demographic groups.
Rural populations and those with lower incomes face elevated risks of material hardship.
Targeted interventions addressing socioeconomic factors are needed to mitigate material hardship.