Correlation between Redox Potential and Solvation Structure in Biphasic Electrolytes for Li Metal Batteries

The activity of lithium ions in electrolytes depends on their solvation structures. However, the understanding of changes in Li⁺ activity is still elusive in terms of interactions between lithium ions and solvent molecules. Herein, the chelating effect of lithium ion by forming [Li(15C5)]⁺ gives rise to a decrease in Li⁺ activity, leading to the negative potential shift of Li metal anode. Moreover, weakly solvating lithium ions in ionic liquids, such as [Li(TFSI)₂ ]^- (TFSI = bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide), increase in Li⁺ activity, resulting in the positive potential shift of LiFePO₄ cathode. This allows the development of innovative high energy density Li metal batteries, such as 3.8 V class Li | LiFePO₄ cells, along with introducing stable biphasic electrolytes. In addition, correlation between Li⁺ activity, cell potential shift, and Li⁺ solvation structure is investigated by comparing solvated Li⁺ ions with carbonate solvents, chelated Li⁺ ions with cyclic and linear ethers, and weakly solvating Li⁺ ions in ionic liquids. These findings elucidate a broader understanding of the complex origin of Li⁺ activity and provide an opportunity to achieve high energy density lithium metal batteries.