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Related Concept Videos

Life Tables01:22

Life Tables

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A life table is a statistical tool that summarizes the mortality and survival patterns of a population, providing detailed insights into the likelihood of survival or death across different age intervals within a cohort. By organizing data on survival probabilities and mortality rates, life tables offer a clear snapshot of population dynamics over time. They are extensively used in demography, public health, actuarial science, and ecology to analyze life expectancy, design health interventions,...
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Cancer survival analysis focuses on quantifying and interpreting the time from a key starting point, such as diagnosis or the initiation of treatment, to a specific endpoint, such as remission or death. This analysis provides critical insights into treatment effectiveness and factors that influence patient outcomes, helping to shape clinical decisions and guide prognostic evaluations. A cornerstone of oncology research, survival analysis tackles the challenges of skewed, non-normally...
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The actuarial approach, a statistical method originally developed for life insurance risk assessment, is widely used to calculate survival rates in clinical and population studies. This method accounts for participants lost to follow-up or those who die from causes unrelated to the study, ensuring a more accurate representation of survival probabilities.
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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
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Life expectancy changes since COVID-19.

Jonas Schöley1, José Manuel Aburto2,3,4,5, Ilya Kashnitsky6

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany. schoeley@demogr.mpg.de.

Nature Human Behaviour
|October 17, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused global life expectancy losses, with significant deficits persisting in eastern Europe and the US in 2021. Higher vaccination rates correlated with smaller life expectancy deficits, especially in older populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Demography
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented mortality increases globally.
  • Life expectancy has declined worldwide, with varying impacts across countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate life expectancy changes in 29 countries from 2020 onwards.
  • To attribute these changes to mortality shifts across different age groups.
  • To compare the pandemic's impact with historical life expectancy shocks.

Main Methods:

  • Life expectancy changes were estimated for 29 countries (Europe, US, Chile) since 2020.
  • Attribution analysis linked life expectancy changes to age-specific mortality shifts.
  • Statistical correlations were calculated between vaccination uptake and life expectancy deficits.

Main Results:

  • Significant divergence in pandemic mortality impacts observed in 2021.
  • Western European countries showed recovery, while Eastern Europe and the US experienced sustained deficits.
  • Life expectancy deficits in fall/winter 2021 correlated negatively with vaccination uptake across age groups (60+ and <60).
  • The age profile of excess mortality shifted younger in 2021 compared to 2020.
  • COVID-19 deaths remained the primary driver of life expectancy losses in 2021.

Conclusions:

  • Pandemic's impact on life expectancy varied significantly by region and year.
  • Vaccination uptake appears crucial in mitigating life expectancy losses.
  • The younger age profile of mortality in 2021 highlights evolving pandemic dynamics.