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How do the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants escape the host protective immunity

Rashed Noor1

  • 1Department of Life Sciences (DLS), School of Environment and Life Sciences (SELS), Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Plot 16, Block B, Aftabuddin Ahmed Road, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229 Bangladesh.

Bulletin of the National Research Centre
|October 18, 2022
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

COVID-19 vaccines aim to build immunity against SARS-CoV-2. However, emerging variants may evade this host protective immunity, a strategy seen in prior coronaviruses.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, necessitates global vaccination efforts.
  • Current vaccines and antivirals induce humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
  • SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a challenge by potentially evading host protective immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 variants avoid host immunity.
  • To assess the effectiveness of current vaccines in eliciting immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
  • To examine the role of the viral spike (S) protein in vaccine-induced immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on SARS-CoV-2, its variants, and vaccine responses.
  • Analysis of immune escape strategies observed in SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV).
  • Focus on the elicitation and avoidance of host immunity, particularly concerning the spike protein.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibit immune evasion strategies, similar to previous coronaviruses.
  • The efficacy of vaccines in generating robust immune responses against evolving SARS-CoV-2 strains requires continuous evaluation.
  • The viral spike protein is a critical target for vaccine development and a key factor in immune evasion.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion is crucial for developing effective, long-lasting vaccines.
  • Ongoing research must address the challenge of variants to ensure continued protection against COVID-19.
  • The review highlights the importance of monitoring viral evolution and its impact on vaccine effectiveness.
Keywords:
Avoidance of host innate immunityCOVID-19 pandemicHost protective immunitySARS-CoV-2 variantsSevere acute respiratory syndrome β coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Vaccines

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