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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Cryo-Electron Tomography Remote Data Collection and Subtomogram Averaging
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Assessment of a computed tomography imaging spectrometer using an optimized expectation-maximization algorithm.

F Narea-Jiménez, J Castro-Ramos, J J Sánchez-Escobar

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a homemade computed tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS) for detailed spectral analysis. This novel system accurately reconstructs spectral data, showing potential for evaluating physiological changes in plants like Capsicum annuum.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Spectroscopy
    • Biomedical Imaging
    • Computational Imaging

    Background:

    • Traditional spectral analysis methods can be complex and costly.
    • Computed Tomography Imaging Spectrometers (CTIS) offer a promising approach for multi-dimensional spectral data acquisition.
    • Developing cost-effective and high-resolution CTIS systems is crucial for advanced scientific applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and construct a novel homemade computed tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS).
    • To evaluate the performance of the CTIS system in reconstructing spectral data from various samples.
    • To demonstrate the feasibility of CTIS for analyzing physiological changes in biological samples.

    Main Methods:

    • A homemade CTIS with 250x250 pixels spatial resolution and 2 nm spectral resolution was designed and built.
    • The optical design integrated a CTIS optical array with a digital reflex camera.
    • Expectation-maximization sequential algorithm, optimized with an array of indices, was used for spectral reconstruction.

    Main Results:

    • The CTIS system successfully reconstructed intensity spectra for a fluorescent source, ColorChecker, and Capsicum annuum samples.
    • High correlation (0.9745) and low residual difference (1.31%) were observed when comparing CTIS data with a commercial integrating sphere spectrometer for ColorChecker.
    • The system demonstrated feasibility in detecting physiological changes in Capsicum annuum from 500 to 650 nm.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed homemade CTIS system achieves high spatial and spectral resolution.
    • The CTIS system provides accurate spectral reconstruction, validated against commercial equipment.
    • The CTIS technology is feasible for non-invasive evaluation of physiological and decompositional changes in biological materials.