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Lampbrush Chromosomes

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...

Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

Next-generation Sequencing

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features....

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

The Replisome

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

Extrachromosomal circular DNA: Current status and future prospects.

Yiheng Zhao¹, Linchan Yu¹, Shuchen Zhang¹

¹Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.

|October 18, 2022

Summary

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) molecules are key players in various diseases and normal cell functions. Research is exploring their potential as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets for future clinical applications.

Keywords:

biomedical research eccDNA human diseases medicine

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Last Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

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Published on: April 4, 2016

High-throughput Identification of Gene Regulatory Sequences Using Next-generation Sequencing of Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture 4C-seq

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Published on: October 5, 2018

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) are double-stranded DNA molecules present in eukaryotic cells.
Historically, eccDNA research primarily focused on cancer biology.
Recent advancements in omics technologies have expanded the scope of eccDNA research.

Conclusions:

EccDNA research has been revitalized by modern omics technologies.
EccDNA holds significant promise for future biomedical research and clinical translation.
Further understanding of eccDNA can lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.