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Collinear double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy based Cd profiling in the soil.

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    This study developed a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method to accurately measure soil cadmium (Cd) content at different depths. Results show Cd concentrates in the topsoil, rarely leaching below 45 cm.

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Geochemistry

    Background:

    • Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil poses significant human health risks due to crop uptake and kidney system inhibition.
    • Accurate, real-time methods are needed to assess soil Cd distribution with depth for effective risk management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a fast, reliable method for analyzing soil Cd content in vertical-depth series.
    • To investigate the migration patterns of Cd in soil profiles.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), specifically collinear double-pulse LIBS (CDP-LIBS), for soil sample analysis.
    • Employed multivariate chemometric models, including particle swarm optimization-optimized least squares-support vector machine (PSO-LS-SVM), for quantitative Cd detection.
    • Compared CDP-LIBS with single-pulse LIBS (SP-LIBS) and various spectral preprocessing techniques.

    Main Results:

    • CDP-LIBS demonstrated superior performance over SP-LIBS for Cd detection.
    • The PSO-LS-SVM model achieved high accuracy (R² = 0.999, RMSE = 0.359 mg/Kg) in predicting Cd content.
    • Soil Cd concentration was inversely related to soil depth, with primary accumulation in the top 0-20 cm and minimal leaching below 45 cm.

    Conclusions:

    • LIBS, particularly CDP-LIBS coupled with advanced chemometrics, offers a reliable and efficient approach for analyzing soil Cd depth profiles.
    • Understanding Cd vertical distribution is crucial for assessing environmental contamination and potential health risks.