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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

24.1K
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to...
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IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

1.1K
Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
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IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

741
Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...
741
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

961
Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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HTRSD: Hybrid Taylor Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction.

Ni Chen, Congli Wang, Wolfgang Heidrich

    Optics Express
    |October 19, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a Hybrid Taylor Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction (HTRSD) method for faster and more accurate wave propagation. This technique overcomes sampling issues found in the angular spectrum method for computational optics applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Computational optics
    • Wave propagation modeling
    • Digital holography

    Background:

    • Accurate wave propagation is crucial for 3D optical imaging and holography.
    • The angular spectrum method is efficient but suffers from sampling errors.
    • Existing methods struggle to balance accuracy and computational speed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel wave propagation method, the Hybrid Taylor Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction (HTRSD).
    • To address the sampling issues inherent in the angular spectrum method.
    • To enhance the accuracy and speed of wave propagation computations.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of the Hybrid Taylor Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction (HTRSD) approach.
    • Utilizing fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) within the HTRSD framework.

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  • Comparing HTRSD performance against the traditional angular spectrum method.

    • Main Results:

    • The HTRSD method demonstrates superior accuracy in wave propagation.
    • HTRSD achieves significantly faster computation times compared to the angular spectrum method.
    • The new method effectively mitigates sampling issues in optical simulations.

    Conclusions:

    • The Hybrid Taylor Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction (HTRSD) offers a more accurate and efficient solution for wave propagation.
    • HTRSD is a promising advancement for 3D optical imaging and computer-generated holography.
    • This method provides a robust alternative to overcome limitations of current techniques.