Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

Determination of Expected Frequency

2.2K
Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
2.2K
Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

123
Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear....
123
Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests01:19

Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests

2.6K
A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n)  to the number of categories (k).
2.6K
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

1.1K
Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
1.1K
Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test01:00

Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test

6.3K
When one or more data points appear far from the rest of the data, there is a need to determine whether they are outliers and whether they should be eliminated from the data set to ensure an accurate representation of the measured value. In many cases, outliers arise from gross errors (or human errors) and do not accurately reflect the underlying phenomenon. In some cases, however, these apparent outliers reflect true phenomenological differences. In these cases, we can use statistical methods...
6.3K
Aliasing01:18

Aliasing

200
Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original...
200

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Precision-Driven Management of Great Saphenous Varicose Veins: A Narrative Review.

Annals of vascular surgery·2026
Same author

Temporal self-similarity reveals percolation universality classes in complex networks.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Nonlinear compensation for ultra-high symbol rate PDM-WDM systems based on second-order perturbation theory.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Narrowband-wideband boundary-guided optimal DSCM partitioning for all-order PMD compensation in high symbol rate systems.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Suppression of Aggregation Enhances Placement Fidelity of Asymmetrical Right Triangle DNA Origami.

JACS Au·2026
Same author

Integrating Combination Therapy and Smart Embolic Materials to Overcome the Therapeutic Ceiling of Transarterial Chemoembolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

10.9K

Blind frequency offset estimation using the optimal decision threshold-assisted QPSK-partition method for

Xue Tang, Hengying Xu, Chenglin Bai

    Optics Express
    |October 19, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new frequency offset estimation scheme effectively addresses limitations in probabilistically shaped Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (PS-QAM) signals. This method improves accuracy and reduces computational complexity for advanced optical communication systems.

    More Related Videos

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    14.6K
    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.6K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Aug 25, 2025

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

    10.9K
    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    14.6K
    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.6K

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Communications
    • Digital Signal Processing
    • Information Theory

    Background:

    • Probabilistically shaped Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (PS-QAM) signals are crucial for high-capacity optical systems.
    • Classical frequency offset estimation (FOE) methods fail with PS-QAM under strong shaping due to submerged constellation points.
    • This necessitates novel FOE techniques for reliable signal recovery.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an effective blind frequency offset estimation (FOE) scheme for probabilistically shaped M-QAM (PS-MQAM) signals.
    • To overcome the limitations of traditional 4th power FFT-based FOE methods in PS-MQAM systems.
    • To enhance the performance and reduce the complexity of FOE in advanced optical communications.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed an optimal decision threshold assisted Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)-partition blind FOE scheme.
    • Utilized symbol decision with an optimal threshold and selected symbols on specific QPSK-shaped rings.
    • Employed a normalized amplitude augmentation and an improved time-domain 4th power feedforward method for FOE.

    Main Results:

    • Verified effectiveness through simulations and experiments with 28 GBaud polarization division multiplexing (PDM) PS-16/64QAM.
    • Achieved a wide FOE range of [-Rs/8, Rs/8] and improved Generalized Mutual Information (GMI).
    • Demonstrated low Normalized Mean Square Errors (NMSEs) for PS-16QAM and PS-64QAM under various OSNR conditions, with complexity reduced to O(N).

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed optimal decision threshold assisted QPSK-partition blind FOE scheme is effective for PS-MQAM systems.
    • The method successfully overcomes limitations of classical FOE techniques under moderate to strong shaping conditions.
    • Offers significant advantages in terms of estimation range, accuracy, and reduced computational complexity.