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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus
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Maternal vaccination: A narrative review.

Sahra Ashkir1, Olive P Khaliq2, Mehreen Hunter3

  • 1Women's Health and HIV, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases
|October 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Vaccinations during pregnancy are safe and effective, significantly reducing maternal and infant illness and death. Healthcare providers should encourage approved antenatal vaccinations for better health outcomes.

Keywords:
foetusimmunisationneonatespregnancyvaccinations

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Vaccinations are a cornerstone of modern medicine, preventing millions of deaths worldwide.
  • Pregnancy presents unique considerations for immunization due to potential risks to both mother and fetus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on vaccinations recommended during pregnancy.
  • To provide information on vaccines approved for use in pregnant individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of published articles on pregnancy vaccinations.
  • Searches conducted across major scientific databases including PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect.

Main Results:

  • Vaccination rates during pregnancy are higher in high-income countries (HICs) compared to low-income countries (LICs).
  • Infectious diseases pose greater maternal and perinatal mortality risks in LICs due to healthcare access disparities.

Conclusions:

  • Approved vaccinations during pregnancy are safe and effective, reducing maternal, fetal, and newborn morbidity and mortality.
  • Healthcare professionals and governments should promote approved vaccinations before or during pregnancy.