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Tooth Anatomy01:21

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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Teeth01:15

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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Os odontoideum: A comprehensive review.

Sia Cho1, Nathan A Shlobin1, Nader S Dahdaleh1

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

Journal of Craniovertebral Junction & Spine
|October 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Os odontoideum (OO), a rare craniocervical anomaly, presents varied symptoms. Management depends on presentation, with surgical stabilization recommended for symptomatic cases, though tailored treatment is crucial for optimal outcomes.

Keywords:
Atlantoaxial instabilityatlantoaxial subluxationcraniocervical junctionos odontoideumscrew fixation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Os odontoideum (OO) is a rare craniocervical anomaly involving a separate ossicle at the C2 vertebral body.
  • Its etiology and prevalence are poorly understood, with presentations ranging from asymptomatic to severe myelopathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, embryology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic imaging of Os odontoideum.
  • To provide an overview of management strategies, surgical complications, and postoperative considerations for OO.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases.
  • 112 articles were selected and analyzed from 4319 initial results for Os odontoideum.

Main Results:

  • Os odontoideum presentation varies significantly, from asymptomatic to severe neurological deficits.
  • Asymptomatic cases may be managed conservatively or surgically; symptomatic cases require operative stabilization.
  • Treatment must be individualized due to the diversity of OO cases and surgical techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Current understanding of Os odontoideum is limited by conflicting studies and a paucity of literature.
  • Further research into the natural history of OO is essential for evidence-based management guidelines.
  • Large-center studies are needed to improve accurate diagnosis and optimize outcomes for Os odontoideum patients.