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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

484
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
484
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

513
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
513
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

529
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
529
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

1.2K
Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
1.2K
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

187
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
187

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[The Myth of Predictable Spinal Anaesthesia: What Determines Block Spread?]

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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Success of Ultrasound-Guided Neuraxial Anesthesia in Cases with Difficult Anatomy
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[Epidural anesthesia : Clinical application and current developments].

Daniel M Pöpping1, Manuel Wenk2

  • 1Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland. poppind@uni-muenster.de.

Die Anaesthesiologie
|October 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epidural anesthesia, despite declining use due to invasiveness and alternatives, remains valuable for specific indications. This review clarifies its current role, benefits beyond pain relief, and complication management.

Keywords:
AnalgesiaEpidural anesthesiaLocal anestheticNerve blockNeuraxial anesthesia

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Regional Anesthesia

Context:

  • Epidural anesthesia use is declining due to invasiveness and fear of complications.
  • Ultrasound-guided techniques and alternative methods are increasingly adopted.
  • This article addresses the current evidence and clinical practice of epidural anesthesia.

Purpose:

  • To review the current indications for epidural anesthesia.
  • To present updated approaches and clinical benefits.
  • To evaluate non-analgesic effects and discuss complications.

Summary:

  • Epidural anesthesia, though less common, retains specific indications.
  • The review covers techniques, benefits beyond analgesia, and complication management.
  • Evidence-based insights are provided for continuing medical education.

Impact:

  • Provides a current evidence-based overview of epidural anesthesia.
  • Aids clinicians in decision-making regarding epidural techniques.
  • Contributes to safe and effective patient care in anesthesia.